PMC

Bead deposit time histogram: Shown is the bead deposit time histogram for the 22 384-well plates from . Note a continuous deposit time shift from shorter (0–2 s) to longer deposit times (2–5 s) due to a decrease in bead density. Batch plate counting and plate time results show a median plate time of 11 min and average single bead deposit accuracy of 96.7 ± 1.9%.

Sorting and deposit statistics: Shown are the bead sorting and deposit statistics for ≈ 8,500 400–450 µm ClT beads conjugated to fluorescein in DMSO deposited into 22 384-well plates. Bead deposit time is measured as the time between two “deposit successful” signals from the bead sorter and can include 1) dead time from the X-Y stage advancing to the next well, 2) monitoring time until a single bead condition is met, 3) dead time from the X-Y stage advancing to the next row, 4) vessel reversal time, 5) clog recovery time, and 6) plate switching time. Expressed through the color of each deposit spot is the image-processed counting result for that well, which may be empty, contain a single bead, or contain multiple beads. In addition, every 25th well is highlighted in purple outline to indicate the extra time needed to perform a plate row switch.

Deposit resistance as a function of time for conventional electrophoretic deposition () substrate-replenish electrophoretic deposition () suspension-replenish electrophoretic deposition () of alumina nanoparticles performed at 100 V/cm in constant-voltage mode. For each type of deposition, three replicate runs were performed to calculate the average and SD in deposit resistance plotted here.

Schematic showing mechanisms of deposition of inhaled particles in the lung. On entering the nasal or oral cavity, particles deposit by impaction, turbulent mixing, sedimentation, and Brownian motion depending on their size. Particles >5 μm in aerodynamic diameter are most likely to deposit by impaction in the oropharynx and be swallowed, whereas particles <5 μm have the greatest potential for lung deposition. Particles between 4 and 5 μm deposit primarily in the bronchial/conducting airways, whereas smaller particles remain suspended in the airstream and penetrate to the peripheral airways and alveoli. In the lung periphery, a significant reduction in airflow rate allows particles to deposit predominantly by sedimentation, with gravity causing them to “rain out” and deposit. Most particles between 0.1 and 1 μm diffuse by Brownian motion and deposit when they collide with the airway wall. The longer the residence time in the smaller, peripheral airways, the greater the deposition from sedimentation and Brownian motion processes. Inhaled particles that do not deposit are exhaled. Adapted by permission from Reference .